Abstract
Effluent dumping into water resources is an imminent issue that poses various health hazards to all life forms. This chapter discusses the role of graphene or graphene oxide-based sensors in the detection of toxic organic dyes in real industrial effluents. Graphene-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (G-SERS) is a unique technique that combines the efficiency of surface-enhanced Raman scattering on graphene-based surfaces. Plasmonic materials such as silver and gold nanoparticles were embedded on the surface of graphene sheets. These materials were used as sensors to detect toxic dye stuff from real industrial effluents that were collected from textile industries. Commercially available dyes were initially studied to identify their characteristic spectral bands. From the G-SERS spectra, it was concluded that the textile effluent may me a mixture of azo, aryl, and xanthene dyes. This conclusion was arrived at by the presence of carcinogenic aromatic structures such as CN and CN. Synergistically, the electromagnetic enhancement from the hotspots and hot surfaces, chemical enhancement offered by rGO, and effective fluorescence quenching observed result in well-defined, enhanced G-SERS signals.
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