Abstract
Membrane fouling in almost all membrane processes is normally caused by precipitation and deposition of molecules or particulates on the membrane surface or membrane pores. The consequences of membrane fouling are increased membrane separation resistances, reduced productivity, and/or altered membrane selectivity. This affects the separation factor for targeted species in the feed, with a consequence of unstable product quality and poor recovery. The fouling process normally includes pore blocking, solute aggregation that leads to cake formation or gel layer on the membrane surface, or adsorption that is aggravated by concentration polarization and convective forces to and through the membrane. There are three groups of major factors that influence membrane fouling, which include properties of membrane that involves the material from which the membrane is made, and properties of the feed solution that include the composition, concentration, pH, and ionic condition. Pretreatments of feed that affects the feed property in membrane system are very important in removal of suspended solids and conditioning the feed and membrane surface to reduce membrane fouling tendency.
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