Chapter 10 - Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit Large Satellite Systems

Abstract

This chapter discusses geosynchronous-earth-orbit (GEO) large satellite systems The geosynchronous-earth-orbit satellite systems utilize spacecraft placed in geostationary orbits. The geostationary space system is in a circular orbit on a plane identical with the earth's equatorial plane and at an altitude such that the orbital period is identical with the earth's 24-hour rotational period. Geosynchronous satellite orbit can be defined as the spacecraft that is moved away from the fixed point in the equatorial plane. The geosynchronous orbit offers high-latitude and daily coverage with a sizable increase in sensor capability over the geostationary orbit. Geostationary orbit is used in earth-space applications because it has advantages over the geosynchronous orbit. It is convenient for satellite tracking and data processing. Unmanned expendable launch vehicles, such as Delta and Atlas/Centaur have been used to launch GEO payloads to synchronous orbit. The shuttle provides an opportunity for the continuous growth in size of the satellite until the maximum length and diameter are reached. Because the payload can be placed by the shuttle in a low-earth-orbit (LEO) at the initial stage, the maximum size capability is determined by the total size, including the second expendable propulsion stage used to boost the spacecraft into a synchronous orbit.