Abstract
In this chapter, we review the research on fungi present in the woody tissues of trees. The functions of fungi in stems are variable and can be mutualistic, commensalistic, saprotrophic, or pathogenic. We cover endophytic fungi found in the nonfoliage parts of woody tissues of conifers and broadleaf trees. The lifestyle switches of endophytes and the pathogenic fungi of stems and branches are discussed. Fungi have an important role in tree health and the nutrient cycle, especially wood decay. Similarly, there is evidence that changes in local environments can benefit opportunistic pathogens to switch their lifestyle from endophytic. The identity of species compositions of endophytes of healthy and diseased trees is extremely important to maintain forest resilience in a changing world.
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