Abstract
This chapter discusses membrane emulsification processes used for preparation of micro- and nanoemulsions of controlled drop size. Membrane emulsification processes are described and compared with microfluidic emulsification processes and conventional emulsification in terms of shear stresses and energy inputs used for droplet disruption. The properties and fabrication methods of common emulsification membranes, such as Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membranes, track-etched polymeric membranes, and microengineered membranes as well as design and operation of membrane emulsification devices are discussed. Various examples of nanoemulsions produced using different membrane devices and membrane materials are provided with emulsion formulations and droplet sizes achieved in each case. The main operating, formulation, and membrane parameters affecting the resultant drop size in direct and premix membrane emulsification are discussed. Finally, various membrane emulsification routes for production of hydrogel, polymeric, and solid lipid nanoparticles were presented based on subsequent cross-linking, spray drying, solvent evaporation, internal phase separation, and cooling crystallization.
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