Abstract

The numerous adaptations of dolphins and whales (Cetacea) to the aquatic environment represent an amazing evolution level. Among these adaptations are specializations of the musculoskeletal, the respiratory, and the sensory systems. The anatomical research on dolphins started with the Greek philosopher Aristotele more than 2300 years ago. However, during the “dark centuries” of the Middle Ages the scientific work was completely eliminated until the German bishop Albertus Magnus recapitulated Aristotele’s work. New anatomical research was restarted during the Renaissance and Edward Tyson set new standards for cetacean anatomy in the 17th century. Today, new anatomical studies on marine mammals are often integrative, combining methods and ways of thinking largely gleaned from terrestrial animals and human medicine. This comparison of holds great promise for the understanding of modern marine mammalogy.

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