Abstract
The main goal of tissue engineering (TE) is to develop a proper biological substitute capable of restoring, maintaining, or improving the genuine function of a defective tissue. Traditional scaffold fabrication techniques often fail to mimic the 3D extracellular matrix (ECM)-like structure and to provide the optimal environment for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. To overcome these limitations, the emerging nanobiotechnologies hold great promise in generating superior TE constructs as they facilitate the generation of nanostructured scaffolds that present good bioactivity and excellent mechanical proprieties, tunable in dependence with the targeted application. Different combinations of natural and synthetic polymers are currently dominant scaffolding materials in the TE field and by various nanofabrication methods are capable of generating nanofiber scaffolds that bear a remarkable resemblance to the natural ECM. More, nanoparticles used as drug-delivery reservoirs loaded with biologically active molecules that can facilitate and accelerate the regeneration process can be also combined with other nanoelements for designing and fabricating TE scaffolds that can be subsequently employed in different TE applications.
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