Chapter 1 - Flow and movement of gaseous pollutants in the subsurface: CO2 dynamics at a carbon capture and storage site

Abstract

Global warming as a consequential effect of unequivocal anthropogenic carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions in the atmosphere is a growing concern, significantly impacting climate change. Carbon capture and storage is an emerging technique to mitigate the adverse effect of increasing CO2 in the atmosphere. Geo-sequestration of CO2 in saline formations is one of the feasible options which involves the capturing from emission sources followed by its compression and then sequestering CO2 in deep geological formations for an extended period. The injection of CO2 will trigger a physicochemical process, including multiphase flow, fluid pressure buildup, and changes in the stress pattern of the formation rocks, solute transport, and chemical reactions between brine and rock. This chapter addresses the geo-sequestration process, flow, and transportation of CO2 at a typical geo-sequestration site by incorporating different factors that considerably affect its migration behavior in the saline formations. Further, it focuses on the various mechanisms employed for the safe storage and the different processes that occur after the injection of the CO2 in geological formations.