Abstract
Low-loss photonic waveguides in lithium niobate offer versatile functionality as nonlinear frequency converters, switches, and modulators for integrated optics. Combining the flexibility of laser processing with liquid phase epitaxy we have fabricated and characterized lithium niobate channel waveguides on lithium niobate and lithium tantalate. We used liquid phase epitaxy with K2O flux on laser-machined lithium niobate and lithium tantalate substrates. The laser-driven rapid-prototyping technique can be programmed to give machined features of various sizes, and liquid phase epitaxy produces high quality single-crystal, lithium niobate channels. The surface roughness of the lithium niobate channels on a lithium tantalate substrate was measured to be 90 nm. The lithium niobate channel waveguides exhibit propagation losses of 0.26 ± 0.04 dB/mm at a wavelength of 633 nm. Second harmonic generation at 980 nm was demonstrated using the channel waveguides, indicating that these waveguides retain their nonlinear optical properties.
Highlights
Integrated optics employs a wide range of miniaturized, high-speed, broad-band, and reliable components suited for telecommunications, data processing, optical computing and other applications.Because of its excellent electro-optic and nonlinear properties, lithium niobate (LiNbO3 ) is a key material for active optical waveguide applications [1,2,3,4,5].Channel waveguides, the basic building blocks of optical circuits used in both active and passive devices of integrated optics, are fabricated by many methods
Laser machining of the LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 substrates was carried out using a femtosecond pulsed
Lithium niobate and lithium tantalate substrates prototyping of the guide design to be implemented
Summary
Because of its excellent electro-optic and nonlinear properties, lithium niobate (LiNbO3 ) is a key material for active optical waveguide applications [1,2,3,4,5]. The basic building blocks of optical circuits used in both active and passive devices of integrated optics, are fabricated by many methods. Ion implantation of titanium or zinc into lithium niobate is a well-established technique for creating waveguides, but the dopant profile is sensitive to annealing [2,8]. Direct laser treatment of ion-doped lithium niobate can induce gratings and channel optical waveguides within the surface layers [10]. Rare-earth-ion-doped lithium niobate waveguides have been fabricated for on-chip integrated structures [12,13]
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