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Abstract
Since the beginning of the fifth generation (5G) standardization process, positioning has been considered as a key element in future cellular networks. In order to perform accurate positioning, solutions for estimating and processing location-related measurements such as direction of arrival (DoA) and time of arrival (ToA) for various use-cases need to be developed. In this paper, building on the existing 5G new radio (NR) specifications and millimeter wave frequencies, we propose a novel estimation and tracking solution of the DoA and ToA such that only analog/radio frequency (RF) beamforming-based observations are utilized. In addition to the proposed extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based estimation and tracking approach, we derive Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) for the considered RF multi-beam system, and propose an information-based criterion for selecting the necessary beams for the estimation process in order to provide highly accurate performance with feasible computational complexity. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using extensive ray-tracing simulations and numerical evaluations, and the results are compared with other estimation and beam-selection approaches. Based on the obtained results, beam-selection at the receiver can have a significant impact on the DoA and ToA estimation performance as well as on the subsequent positioning accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate the highly accurate performance of the methods when extended to joint multi-receiver-based device positioning and clock synchronization.
Highlights
I N addition to the demanding communication requirements of the fifth generation (5G) mobile radio networks, it has been envisioned that accurate positioning will play a key role in personal navigation and various vertical applications and in empowering network functionalities in terms of locationaware communications [1]–[4]
In order to compensate for such occasional performance degradation, we propose a novel extended Kalman filter (EKF)based direction of arrival (DoA) and time of arrival (ToA) estimation solution that is able to fuse information from several available beams in a polarimetric 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) system with analog/radio frequency (RF) beamforming
We evaluate the performance of the proposed method building on the uplink (UL) sounding reference signal (SRS) transmissions by employing the latest 5G new radio (NR) specifications and extensive ray-tracing simulations at 28 GHz in realistic urban canyon and open area scenarios
Summary
I N addition to the demanding communication requirements of the fifth generation (5G) mobile radio networks, it has been envisioned that accurate positioning will play a key role in personal navigation and various vertical applications and in empowering network functionalities in terms of locationaware communications [1]–[4]. Despite several works on actual mmWave positioning being available in the existing literature [4], [7], [8], [17], [22], [23], the methods either consider different location-related measurements with a known transmitter (TX)side antenna and beamforming information [17], [22], [23], provide only theoretical performance bounds [4], [7], [8] or consider obtaining the location-related measurements from a pre-defined statistics [24], [25] without practical estimators. Building on the existing 5G NR specifications and dualpolarized antenna arrays with inexpensive RF-beamforming capabilities, we propose a novel EKF-based solution for estimating and tracking the azimuth and co-elevation DoA angles and ToA through sophisticated and adaptive beamselection in 5G mmWave networks.
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