Abstract
Abstract With a broad scope of exploration and utilization of
marine resources, the field of underwater wireless communication
(UWC) is attracting the growing interest of researchers. Due
to the highly complex and changing underwater environment,
achieving minimal Doppler Effect, extensive communication
range, maintaining link reliability, and high channel efficiency is
challenging. Underwater information transfer can utilize various
communication techniques, including Acoustic, Optical, Radio
Frequency (RF), and Magnetic Induction (MI)-based communi cation. Accurate channel modelling is essential for optimizing
UWC’s overall performance. Each underwater communication
technique has its strengths and weaknesses. This review article
discusses the detailed channel modelling of Acoustic, Optical,
MI, and RF communications, comparing them across parameters
such as path loss, channel capacity, channel error control
protocols, bit error rate (BER), the impact of reconfigurable
intelligent surface (RIS), and outage probability are briefly
discussed. Additionally, critical unresolved issues related to the
channel modelling of UWC techniques are highlighted. This
review article will help the researchers to focus on the research
gaps and undertake research in the field.
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