Channel Imbalance Calibration Based on the Zero Helix of Bragg-like Targets

Abstract

The calibration of channel imbalances is currently the main concern in polarimetric calibration (POLCAL) since the crosstalk of recent polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (Pol-SAR) systems is lower than −20 dB. The existing channel imbalance calibration method without corner reflectors utilizes both volume-dominated and Bragg-like targets. However, there are two limitations to using volume-dominated targets. One is that the inaccurate selection of volume-dominated areas in the uncalibrated Pol-SAR images has a negative influence on the estimation of cross-polarization (x-pol) channel imbalance, which subsequently impacts the estimation of copolarization (copol) channel imbalance. The other is that there are minimal volume-dominated areas in some special applications of Pol-SAR, such as planetary exploration. Thus, only selecting Bragg-like targets to estimate the values of both transmitting and receiving channel imbalances, which is proposed in this paper, can avoid the uncertainty brought about by selecting other distributed targets in an uncalibrated imaginary. In addition, the reciprocity assumption and characteristics corresponding to H/α¯ decomposition are introduced to eliminate the phase ambiguity for the first time. Compared with previous methods, our method had an obvious advantage in terms of universality, since Bragg-like targets are common in the most illuminating areas. The novel method was applied to both the simulated data from the L-band Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and C-band GaoFen-3 (GF-3), and to real data with corner reflectors on site. The results from the simulated data showed that the errors of the amplitude and phase estimation were less than 0.5 dB and 5.0° in most topographical features. Meanwhile, the VV/HH terms from all trihedral corner reflectors were less than 0.3 dB for amplitude, and 5.5° for phase after calibration by using the estimated channel imbalances.