Abstract
Abstract. In this paper blind equalization algorithms based on digital watermarking are presented. Training sequence is sent along with the data in the form of watermark. Robust CDMA based watermarking algorithm is used to watermark the data. Watermark, which is spread over the data, does not consume extra bandwidth. So with the help of extracted watermark channel can be equalized just by using simple mean square algorithm. Two algorithms for equalization are proposed in this paper. In algorithm I the receiver does not require to know training sequence in advance. Using algorithm II, the sender does not require to send training sequence either, and data can still be equalized using simple LMS algorithm at low computational complexity.
Highlights
Intersymbol Interference (ISI) is a very common type of distortion which a signal undergoes during transmission (Proakis, 2000)
Traditional trained equalization scheme works with simple algorithms like Least Mean Squares (LMS) (Haykin, 1996)
Some blind equalization techniques, which do not require training sequences, are used to equalize channels. These blind equalization schemes are usually based on computationally complex algorithms like Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) (Litwin, 1999)
Summary
Intersymbol Interference (ISI) is a very common type of distortion which a signal undergoes during transmission (Proakis, 2000). Some blind equalization techniques, which do not require training sequences, are used to equalize channels. These blind equalization schemes are usually based on computationally complex algorithms like Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) (Litwin, 1999). The proposed method does not require training sequences to be known in advance and works with standard trained equalization algorithms (e.g. LMS) at low computational complexity. How watermarking can be used for blind equalization (the receiver is not required to know the training sequence). The watermark is extracted and with the help of received training sequence and extracted watermark channel can be equalized In this algorithm receiver does not required to know the training sequence in advance.
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