Changing prevalence of oral manifestations of human immuno-deficiency virus in the era of protease inhibitor therapy

Abstract

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine temporal trends in the prevalence of oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Study design. Five hundred seventy HIV-infected adults recruited consecutively were examined by using established presumptive clinical criteria for HIV-associated oral lesions. Prevalence of oral lesions before the widespread use of HIV protease inhibitors (February 1995 through August 1996, 8% of the early sample, n = 271) was compared with lesion prevalence in a more recent period of greater protease inhibitor use (December 1996 through February 1999, 42% of the late sample, n = 299). Results. Overall prevalence of oral lesions significantly decreased from early to late periods, 47.6% to 37.5%, respectively ( P = .01), with some variation by lesion type. Prevalence of hairy leukoplakia (25.8% to 11.4%; P < .01) and necrotizing periodontal diseases (4.8% to 1.7%; P = .03) decreased, whereas HIV salivary gland disease increased (1.8% to 5.0%; P = .04). Changes in prevalence of oral candidiasis (20.3% to 16.7%), aphthous ulcers (3.7% to 3.0%), oral warts (2.2% to 4.0%), herpes simplex virus lesions (1.8% to 2.0%), and Kaposi’s sarcoma (1.1% to 0.3%) were not statistically significant ( P > .20 for all comparisons). Conclusion. The pattern of oral opportunistic infections is changing in the era of protease inhibitor use. (ORAL Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:299-304)