Changing APN functions at two points

Abstract

We investigate a construction in which a vectorial Boolean function G is obtained from a given function F over $\mathbb {F}_{2^{n}}$ by changing the values of F at two points of the underlying field. In particular, we examine the possibility of obtaining one APN function from another in this way. We characterize the APN-ness of G in terms of the derivatives and in terms of the Walsh coefficients of F. We establish that changing two points of a function F over $\mathbb {F}_{2^{n}}$ which is plateaued (and, in particular, AB) or of algebraic degree deg(F) < n − 1 can never give a plateaued (and AB, in particular) function for any n ≥ 5. We also examine a particular case in which we swap the values of F at two points of $\mathbb {F}_{2^{n}}$. This is motivated by the fact that such a construction allows us to obtain one permutation from another. We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the APN-ness of G which we then use to show that swapping two points of any power function over a field $\mathbb {F}_{2^{n}}$ with n ≥ 5 can never produce an APN function. We also list some experimental results indicating that the same is true for the switching classes from Edel and Pott (Adv. Math. Commun. 3(1):59–81, 2009), and conjecture that the Hamming distance between two APN functions cannot be equal to two for n ≥ 5.