Abstract
Changes of the thermocline depth (DOT) at the Sumba Island offshore are not well-known compared to the DOT changes in the Timor Sea, the main exit passage of the Indonesian Through-flow (ITF). Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages in cores collected from the southwest Sumba offshore (ST08) and Sumba Strait (ST12, ST13, and ST14) were used as a tool to infer the DOT and paleoproductivity changes at the Sumba Island offshore. The DOT changes were indicated from the thermocline and mixed layer dwellers’ relative abundance while the paleoproductivity changes were indicated from the relative abundance of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei. This study suggests a contrast between the DOT pattern at the Sumba Island offshore and the DOT pattern in the Timor Sea during the Last Deglaciation–Holocene. The contrast DOT pattern indicated that the multi-millennial changes of the Australian-Indonesian monsoon (AIM) during the Last Deglaciation– Holocene were the main factors behind the DOT changes in this region while the effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) –like, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) –like, and ITF to DOT changes were minimal. Paleoproductivity enhancement at the Sumba Island offshore was not solely related to the monsoon-driven coastal upwelling intensification, which resulted in the DOT shoaling and eutrophic condition. The increase of nutrient availability in surface water due to river runoff increase and changes in the lifted water mass nature were also able to enhance productivity in this region.
Highlights
The Depth of Thermocline (DOT), which is the distance between the upper limit of the thermocline layer and the ocean surface (Lana et al, 2017), is one of the most studied parameters in paleoceanographic studies (Spooner et al, 2005; Ding et al, 2013; Kwiatkowski et al, 2015)
The shallower DOT in western Indonesia is associated with the development of coastal upwelling at the south Sumatra offshore–Lesser Sunda Islands, known as the Java upwelling region, especially during the Australia-Indonesian winter monsoon (AIWM) (Susanto et al, 2001, 2006; Andruleit et al, 2008)
The proxies used in this study exhibit changes within the Holocene and Pleistocene (Last Deglaciation) periods
Summary
The Depth of Thermocline (DOT), which is the distance between the upper limit of the thermocline layer and the ocean surface (Lana et al, 2017), is one of the most studied parameters in paleoceanographic studies (Spooner et al, 2005; Ding et al, 2013; Kwiatkowski et al, 2015). The increase of the upwelling intensity is indicated in the shoaling of the DOT which triggers the eutrophication process as the nutrient-rich cool water layer reaches the photic zone (Brasier, 1995; Susanto et al, 2001) This condition is known as eutrophic, which is associated with the regime of higher marine productivity (Brasier, 1995; Spooner et al, 2005; Andruleit et al, 2008). On the glacial-interglacial scale, changes in the DOT are related to the changes of the Australia-Indonesian monsoon (AIM) configuration and the hydrographic changes
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