Changes of Acid-Base Variables in Dairy Cows with Chronically Implanted Fetal and Maternal Catheters during Late Gestation and Calving.

Abstract

Simple SummaryA fetal catheterization is an efficient tool allowing longitudinal in vivo studies on hormonal and metabolic changes, including fetal blood gases and acid-base changes. These surgical techniques made it possible to take blood samples daily under aseptic conditions to determine arterial and/or venous blood samples for acid-base variables (like pH, blood gas tensions: partial pressure of carbon dioxide and partial pressure of oxygen, oxygen saturation, bicarbonate concentration, total carbon dioxide, and base excess). All these examinations may contribute to a better understanding of the physiological changes that occur during calving, which may help reach a significant reduction in losses caused by perinatal mortality, which is still high today.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the changes in maternal and fetal arterial acid-base variables withdrawn from catheterized dams and fetuses during the last days before and during calving. The average gestation length in nine cows with chronically catheterized fetuses was 285 ± 10 (SD) days. The arterial acid-base variables of a catheterized dam and fetus were very stable during late gestation. Four newborn calves showed small differences between prenatal and postnatal pH values (−0.035). At the same time, pCO2 values started to increase significantly (p = 0.02), indicating a shift towards physiological respiratory acidosis during calving. The partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation values showed some non-significant improvements immediately after birth, while the other acid-base parameters did not differ. The remaining five newborn calves showed a significant decrease in arterial blood pH (p < 0.01) and BE (p = 0.01), while pCO2 tended to be higher (p = 0.06), indicating a shift towards physiological respiratory and metabolic acidosis, while the other acid-base parameters hardly differed. It is essential to mention that physiological (n = 2) and mild metabolic acidosis (n = 2) developed gradually in four newborn calves during the second stage of calving, lasting about ≤ 2 h. In contrast, in the remaining newborn calf the physiological metabolic acidosis developed during the last 3 min of birth because immediately before birth, the BE value was 0.4 mmol/L. After birth, it was −5.4 mmol/L. The results indicate that the acid-base variables may start to move gradually in the direction of expressed respiratory and metabolic acidosis only after appearing the amniotic sac and fetal feet in the vulva during the second stage of labor; therefore, it is essential to complete obstetrical assistance in time.