Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine novel putative markers of the response to the competitive soccer match in adolescent players, such as changes in global levels of γH2AX and H4K16ac in the chromatin of peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PMBCs) and a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)-based biochemical fingerprint of serum. These characteristics were examined with reference to the physiological and metabolic aspects of this response. Immediately post-match we noticed: (1) a systemic inflammatory response, manifesting as peaks in leukocyte count and changes in concentrations of IL-6, TNFα, and cortisol; (2) a peak in plasma lactate; (3) onset of oxidative stress, manifesting as a decline in GSH/GSSG; (4) onset of muscle injury, reflected in an increase in CK activity. Twenty-four hours post-match the decrease in GSH/GSSG was accompanied by accumulation of MDA and 8-OHdG, macromolecule oxidation end-products, and an increase in CK activity. No changes in SOD1 or GPX1 levels were found. Repeated measures correlation revealed several associations between the investigated biomarkers. The FTIR analysis revealed that the match had the greatest impact on serum lipid profile immediately post-game. In turn, increases in γH2AX and H4K16ac levels at 24 h post-match indicated activation of a DNA repair pathway.
Highlights
IntroductionSoccer is an intermittent sport characterized by very demanding, high-intensity actions (i.e. sprints, dribbling, jumping, shots) that occurs in bursts over a period of low-intensity activity (i.e. jogging, walking or even brief recovery intervals)[1]
Soccer is an intermittent sport characterized by very demanding, high-intensity actions that occurs in bursts over a period of low-intensity activity[1]
double strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired, a process that is preceded by signaling the presence of DNA damage and involves enrichment of phosphorylation on serine 139 of the histone variant H2A.X at the nucleosomes surrounding DSBs, which is accompanied by an increase in acetylation on serine 16 of histone H4 (H4K16ac)[22,23]
Summary
Soccer is an intermittent sport characterized by very demanding, high-intensity actions (i.e. sprints, dribbling, jumping, shots) that occurs in bursts over a period of low-intensity activity (i.e. jogging, walking or even brief recovery intervals)[1]. The aim of this study was to examine novel biomarkers, including epigenetic markers such as alterations in global levels of phoshorylation of the H2AX histone and acetylation of H4K16 in the chromatin of peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PMBCs) as well as to carry out attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)-based analysis of serum in adolescent soccer players following a high-level competitive soccer match These epigenetic markers and biochemical characteristics were examined in relation to a wide range of biomarkers contributing to physiological response to a soccer game, including markers related to hematological changes, inflammation, oxidative stress, muscle fatigue and muscle cell injury
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