Abstract
This study aimed to examine the changes in typical portion sizes of commonly consumed discretionary foods among Australian adults from 1995 to 2011–2012. Data of adults (age ≥19 years) from the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey and 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were used. Typical portion sizes (median portion) of fourteen discretionary foods that contributed the most to energy intake were determined. Ten out of fourteen food categories demonstrated a significant change in kJ per typical portion from 1995 to 2011–2012 (p ≤ 0.001). kJ per typical portion increased for pizza, cake, sausage, cereal bar, processed meat, ice cream and wine, with pizza and cake demonstrating the largest increases (+570 kJ and +950 kJ in 2011–2012, respectively; both +66% above 1995). In contrast, kJ per typical portion of pastry, snack food and potato fries decreased by 10–40% over time, and did not change for biscuit, chocolate, sugar-sweetened beverage and beer. Similar changes were observed for grams per typical portion consumed. Temporal trends in typical portion sizes were similar according to age group, gender and socioeconomic status. The findings suggest that population-wide strategies that enable consumers to choose smaller portions of discretionary foods are needed to reduce the excess consumption of these products.
Highlights
IntroductionThere is growing scientific evidence that portion size (defined as the amount of foods and beverages consumed per eating occasion) is an important determinant of energy balance [1,2]
There is growing scientific evidence that portion size is an important determinant of energy balance [1,2].In experimental settings, offering larger portions of foods and beverages leads to increased intake, without compensatory reduction in intake at subsequent meals
In order to address this gap in knowledge, the current study investigated trends in portion sizes of discretionary foods among adults from 1995 to 2011–2012 using Australian nationally representative surveys
Summary
There is growing scientific evidence that portion size (defined as the amount of foods and beverages consumed per eating occasion) is an important determinant of energy balance [1,2]. In experimental settings, offering larger portions of foods and beverages leads to increased intake, without compensatory reduction in intake at subsequent meals. Such effect has been observed both in children and adults, across gender, and in those with different body weight [3,4,5,6]. Identifying discretionary food categories with large typical portions, and those that have increased most over time, will help to inform the design and implementation of policies targeting portion sizes [10]. A handful of Nutrients 2017, 9, 577; doi:10.3390/nu9060577 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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