Abstract
The Pb $5d$ photoionization spectrum of free atoms and the corresponding solid state have been measured simultaneously in one experiment. In addition to the $5d$ binding-energy shifts, which were found to differ for different spin-orbit components, the lifetime of the $5d$ core hole was observed to be much shorter in solid Pb in comparison to atomic Pb. Model calculations based on a so-called excited-atom approximation were used to predict the influence of charge transfer in the observed drastic changes between atomic and solid Pb. The model indicates that level widths could serve as a sensor for a metal to nonmetal transition in neutral Pb clusters.
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