Changes in the Weed Seed Bank in Long-Term Establishment Methods Trials under Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Prashant Sharma,Kamlesh Verma,Saroj Kumar Prasad,Manoj Kumar Singh

doi:10.3390/agronomy10020292

Abstract

The rice–wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains is the backbone of food security in India. In the 1990s, due to the scarcity of resources, the traditional Crop Establishment (CE) method shifted from Conventional Till Puddle Transplanted Rice (CTPTR) to CT Direct Seeded Rice (CTDSR) and Zero-Till DSR (ZTDSR) in paddy; and in wheat, from Conventional Till Wheat (CTW) to Zero Till Wheat (ZTW), with residue retention in rice (RRR) or in both rice and wheat (RRRW). Shift in CE methods led to change in Weed Seed Bank (WSB) dynamics and ultimately affected the weed management program. After five years of field trials, soil samples were drawn as per 2-factors factorial randomized block design. Factor-I comprised 4-CE methods, whereas factor-II consisted of 3-soil depths (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm). Results showed CTPTR-CTW and ZTDSR-ZTW (RRRW) record the highest seed bank (SB) of grasses, sedges and BLWs as total weeds, in general; and predominant weeds like Echinochloa spp., Ammania baccifera, Commelina benghalensis and Digitaria sanguinalis, in particular. It also showed the higher species richness (DMg) and Shannon–Weaver (H’) indices. CTDSR-CTW and CTDSR-ZTW (RRR) show the lowest WSB and at par with Shannon–Weaver (H’) index; further, lowest species richness (DMg) under CTDSR-CTW. Species Evenness (J’) and Simpson index (λ) vary non-significantly with CE methods. Furthermore, 0–10 cm soil depth showed the highest SB of different category of total weed, predominant weeds as well as higher values of DMg, H’, and λ; whereas reverse trend was observed in Whittaker Statistic (βW). Interaction between CE methods and soil depth revealed most of WSB lying on the top layer in case of ZTDSR-ZTW (RRRW) and CTDSR-ZTW (RRR); while CTPTR-CTW showed almost uniform WSB distribution, and in case of CTDSR-CTW, a gradual decrease in WSB with soil depth.

Highlights

The rice–wheat cropping system occupies an area of 10.0 million ha in the Indo-Gangetic plains ofIndia and plays a crucial role in the food security of the region [1]
The Weed Seed Bank (WSB) consisted of the eleven weed species: of which, seven were the broad-leaved weeds (BLWs) (AMBA CAAX, COBE2, ECAL, EUHI, LUHY, and PHNI2); three were grasses (Echinochloa spp., DISA, and DAAE); and one was species of sedge (Sedge, Cyperus spp.) (Table 3)
The relative density of WSB showed that broadleaved weeds (BLWs) occupy nearly 44–50 per cent population, whereas grasses and sedges occupy 37–44 per cent and 5–18 per cent, respectively

Summary

Introduction

India and plays a crucial role in the food security of the region [1] In this region, rice is traditionally established as puddling, followed by hand transplanting of rice seedling and consecutive flooding [2,3]; whereas ploughing is the dominant tillage practice for establishment of wheat [1,3]. Adoption of DSR overcame the problems of labor and water scarcity associated with traditional rice cultivation; further, it matured seven to ten days earlier, facilitating timely sowing of succeeding wheat crop [5]. In India, in economic terms, weeds in rice field cause a loss of 4420 million USD [6]. This too differs with the Crop Establishment (CE)

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion