Abstract
BackgroundThe immune system of echinoderm sea urchins is characterised by a high degree of complexity that is not completely understood. The Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus coelomocytes mediate immune responses through phagocytosis, encapsulation of non-self particles, and production of diffusible factors including antimicrobial molecules. Details of these processes, and molecular pathways driving these mechanisms, are still to be fully elucidated.Principal findingsIn the present study we treated the sea urchin P. lividus with the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and collected coelomocytes at different time-points (1, 3, 6 and 24 hours). We have shown, using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry, how LPS is able to modulate the coelomocyte proteome and to effect cellular pathways, such as endocytosis and phagocytosis, as soon as the immunomodulating agent is injected. The present study has also shown that treatment can modulate various cellular processes such as cytoskeleton reorganisation, and stress and energetic homeostasis.ConclusionsOur data demonstrates, through mass spectrometry and the following functional annotation bioinformatics analysis, how the bacterial wall constituent is sufficient to set off an immune response inducing cytoskeleton reorganisation, the appearance of clusters of heat shock proteins (Hsp) and histone proteins and the activation of the endocytic and phagocytic pathways. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD008439.
Highlights
Despite the apparent simplicity of the body organization of echinoderms, and in particular that of sea urchins, their immune system is far from being well understood and is specialised to perform a variety of functions
Through mass spectrometry and the following functional annotation bioinformatics analysis, how the bacterial wall constituent is sufficient to set off an immune response inducing cytoskeleton reorganisation, the appearance of clusters of heat shock proteins (Hsp) and histone proteins and the activation of the endocytic and phagocytic pathways
Proteins extracted from coelomocytes isolated from LPS treated sea urchins, were subjected to shotgun mass spectrometry analysis
Summary
Despite the apparent simplicity of the body organization of echinoderms, and in particular that of sea urchins, their immune system is far from being well understood and is specialised to perform a variety of functions. The coelomocytes, cells that circulate in the coelomic fluid, mediate immune responses through phagocytosis and encapsulation of non-self particles in addition to the production of antimicrobial molecules These non-self molecules are known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and their receptors are called pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)[6,7]. The immune system of the sea urchin includes multiple sets of lectins, proteins with different antimicrobial activities, Toll-like receptors and associated signalling proteins [6] It is probable, that there are yet more components yet to be described. The Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus coelomocytes mediate immune responses through phagocytosis, encapsulation of nonself particles, and production of diffusible factors including antimicrobial molecules. Details of these processes, and molecular pathways driving these mechanisms, are still to be fully elucidated. The present study has shown that treatment can modulate various cellular processes such as cytoskeleton reorganisation, and stress and energetic homeostasis
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