Abstract
Stressors experienced by pigs at weaning may negatively impact health and productivity. Thus, supplements that enhance pig immunity during the early post-weaned period are of great interest to the swine industry. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance and hematological responses of weaned pigs supplemented with yeast cell wall (YCW) when challenged orally with Salmonella Typhimurium. Weaned pigs were assigned to one of three treatments for 22d (n = 13/treatment): Control diet, which was a non-medicated starter diet (Control); Control diet supplemented with YCW at 250 mg/kg BW (YCW250; Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA); and Control diet supplemented with YCW at 500 mg/kg BW (YCW500). On d19 blood samples were collected from −6 to 72 h relative to oral Salmonella Typhimurium (1 × 106 cfu/pig) challenge. Gain:feed was greater (P = 0.01) in YCW250 treatment compared to both Control and YCW500 pigs. Baseline intraperitoneal temperature was greater (P < 0.001) in YCW250 pigs than Control or YCW500 pigs. There was a treatment x time interaction for the change in intraperitoneal temperature (P < 0.01), post-challenge cortisol, white blood cell counts (WBC), neutrophils, and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (P ≤ 0.03). Control pigs had greater (P < 0.05) cortisol concentrations than both YCW-supplemented groups at 0 h, but Control pigs had reduced (P < 0.05) cortisol compared to YCW500 pigs at 24 and 30 h post-challenge. Control pigs had greater (P < 0.05) WBC counts than both YCW-supplemented groups 6 and 12 h post-challenge, and YCW250 pigs had reduced (P < 0.01) WBC counts than Control and YCW500 pigs 18 h post-challenge. Neutrophil counts were greater (P < 0.05) in Control pigs than both YCW-supplemented groups at 6 and 12 h post-challenge and were greater (P = 0.02) than YCW250 pigs at 18 h post-challenge. Lymphocytes were greater (P < 0.001) in Control and YCW500 pigs pre- and post-challenge compared to YCW250 pigs. Control pigs had the greatest (P < 0.001) monocyte counts compared to YCW treatments. There was no effect of yeast supplementation on fecal shedding or Salmonella counts in the rectum, colon or cecum (P ≥ 0.05). While some differences were observed in intraperitoneal temperature and some hematological variables, data suggests there were minimal effects of yeast supplementation on the acute immune response to Salmonella challenge.
Highlights
One of the most difficult time periods in swine production with regards to animal health is weaning, due to weaning stress, as well as the declining supply of maternal antibodies which can result in immunosuppression [1]
Pigs were weighed upon arrival (d 0) and balanced by body weight (BW) to one of three treatment diets (n = 13/treatment): [1] Control, fed a non-medicated starter ration; [2] fed the Control ration supplemented with yeast cell wall at 250 mg/kg BW (YCW250; Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA); or [3] fed the Control ration supplemented with yeast cell wall at 500 mg/kg BW (YCW500)
Salmonella enterica Typhimurium originally isolated from swine and maintained in the Feed Safety Research Unit (FFSRU) culture collection was repeatedly grown by 10% transfer in anoxic (85% N2, 10% CO2, 5% H2 atmosphere) Tryptic soy broth (TSB) medium at 37◦C
Summary
One of the most difficult time periods in swine production with regards to animal health is weaning, due to weaning stress, as well as the declining supply of maternal antibodies which can result in immunosuppression [1]. Increased regulations on the use of antimicrobials, such as the Veterinary Feed Directive, add to the pressure, and have stimulated producers to find alternative management strategies that improve animal health while maintaining productivity. Feed additives offer many advantages, are incorporated into swine management procedures, and there are a large variety of products available to producers that claim to improve animal health. Live yeast and yeast cell wall products have the potential to enhance the acute phase response to various immune challenges [5,6,7]. Recent studies in cattle have found variations in the immune and metabolic responses between live yeast and yeast cell wall, and between different strains and products [8,9,10,11]. There is limited information on the effect of yeast products on leukocyte populations, in response to pathogenic challenges
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