Abstract
The symbiotic microbiota can stimulate modulation of immune system, which also can promote immune system mature in critical developmental periods. In this study, we have investigated the symbiotic microbiota in Rapana venosa at five early development stages using Illumina high-throughput sequencing, and detected immune responses in larvae. Analysis of the symbiotic microbiota sequences identified that the most abundant phylum was Proteobacteria. Beta diversity analysis indicated that the structure of the symbiotic microbiota dramatically shifted in early development stages. The abundance of immune-related KEGG Orthologs (KOs) also increased in competent larval (J4, 30-day post-hatching) and postlarval after 3 days of metamorphosis (Y5, 33-day post-hatching) stages. Acid phosphatase activity decreased significantly in the Y5 stage, and alkaline phosphatase activity also at a lower level in Y5 stage, whereas lysozyme activities exhibited no remarkable change. Also, the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase activities decreased dramatically during early development stages of R. venosa. Dramatic changes in the symbiotic microbiota and the immune response mainly occurred in the initially hatched veliger (C1), competent larval (J4) and postlarval (Y5) stages, during which the hosts might experience substantial environmental changes or changes in physiological structure and function. These findings expand our understanding of the stage-specific symbiotic microbiota in R. venosa and the close association between immune system and symbiotic microbiota in mollusks, however, the specific relationship may need more researches are needed to investigated in the future.
Highlights
The symbiotic microbiota is a complex ecosystem with multiple functions significant for the health of host (Ramirez and Romero, 2017), and the intricate interactions between the symbiotic microbiota and host start from early development stages in host (Nicholson et al, 2012)
Previous researches have indicated that symbiotic microbiota is important for the maturation of immune system (Mazmanian et al, 2005; Edelman et al, 2008), so there may be some changes in the symbiotic microbiota during host development
Present results showed that significant shifts in the structure of symbiotic microbiota and study, the abundance of Chlamydiae decreased significantly with host development, which may indicate the strengthening of host immune function
Summary
The symbiotic microbiota is a complex ecosystem with multiple functions significant for the health of host (Ramirez and Romero, 2017), and the intricate interactions between the symbiotic microbiota and host start from early development stages in host (Nicholson et al, 2012). The symbiotic microbiota serves as important roles, including harvesting energy, against pathogens, and stimulating the development of the immune system (Al-Harbi and Uddin, 2005; Woodhams et al, 2007; Buchon et al, 2013; Ramirez and Romero, 2017). When the host undergoes a critical developmental event, corresponding changes occur in its symbiotic microbiota that can reflect changes in the physiological functions of the host (Fraune and Bosch, 2010; Li et al, 2017), especially the immune system. The population of R. venosa has dramatically decreased because of the overexploitation and destruction of breeding grounds (Wei and Wang, 1999).
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