Abstract
BackgroundThe COVID‑19 pandemic has affected not only somatic health with over 3.7 million deaths worldwide, but also has had a huge impact on psychological health, creating what amounts to a mental health crisis. The negative effect of the pandemic on traditional addictions is well described and concerning, and the same has been seen for gambling.ObjectiveThis study explores self-reported web-based gambling behavior during the COVID‑19 pandemic in Sweden. We investigated overall changes, but also changes in specific web-based gambling types, and whether they are associated with certain risk factors or lifestyle changes.MethodsOur study is based on an anonymous web-based survey of web panel participants in Sweden (N=1501) designed to study a range of behavioral changes during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Increases in gambling were analyzed using logistic regression models against sociodemographic data and psychological distress.ResultsThe majority of the respondents who gambled reported no changes in their gambling habits during the COVID‑19 pandemic. We found significant associations with the problem gambling severity index (PGSI), the Kessler score (indicating psychological distress), employment status, changes in alcohol habits, and self-exclusion when looking at overall changes in gambling activity in the pandemic. In the subgroup that reported an increase in gambling activity, we found an association with both the PGSI and Kessler scores. The PGSI score was also an independent predictor for all specific web-based gambling (horses, sports, poker, and casino) whereas the Kessler score only had a significant impact on changes in casino gambling. In addition, male gender was an independent predictor for gambling on sports and casino gambling.ConclusionsThe majority of respondents who gambled reported no changes in their gambling activity during the COVID‑19 pandemic. The group that reported an increase in overall gambling activity during the COVID-19 pandemic represent a group with gambling problems and psychological distress. The group that reported increased sports and casino gambling were often male, and this group seemed to experience more psychological distress.
Highlights
The first case of COVID-19 was detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China [1] and the virus spread rapidly, reaching Europe in early 2020 and Sweden in January 2020 [2]
We found significant associations with the problem gambling severity index (PGSI), the Kessler score, employment status, changes in alcohol habits, and self-exclusion when looking at overall changes in gambling activity in the pandemic
In the subgroup that reported an increase in gambling activity, we found an association with both the PGSI and Kessler scores
Summary
The first case of COVID-19 was detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China [1] and the virus spread rapidly, reaching Europe in early 2020 and Sweden in January 2020 [2]. The. COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous effect on mental health [3,4,5]. Most work places encouraged their workers to work from home and regulations in opening hours have been in effect for restaurants and shopping malls, leading people in general to spend a lot more time indoors with possible access to screens, and several studies have reported increased screen time during the pandemic [8,9,10,11]. In economic crises, when people experienced stress due to, for example, isolation, gambling activity per se increased, and so did gambling problems [15,16,17], but recent studies on potential changes in gambling activity during the COVID-19 pandemic have reported different changes in behavior [18]. The negative effect of the pandemic on traditional addictions is well described and concerning, and the same has been seen for gambling
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