Abstract
Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is important to the global energy balance and to hydrological cycling. However, the extent to which ET0 changes, the main driving factors, and especially the implications of its shift for drought in Southwest China are not clear. In this study, trends in Penman–Monteith ET0 and other climatic parameters at 79 stations in Southwest China from 1960 to 2018 were investigated by using the Mann–Kendall test. Furthermore, partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to determine the dominant climate driving factors in changes in ET0. The relative contribution of precipitation and ET0 to drought duration was also quantified based on spatial multiple linear regression. Results revealed that annual ET0 decreased significantly (p < 0.01) at a rate of 14.1 mm per decade from 1960 to 2000, and this decrease disappeared around 2000. For the entire study period, the sunshine duration (Tsun) was the most closely correlated with and played a dominant role in the variations in ET0 at both annual and seasonal (summer and autumn) timescales, whereas the relative humidity was the most dominant factor in the spring and winter. Trends in the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index revealed that drought has become more serious in Southwest China, and ET0 has made a greater contribution to the duration of drought than precipitation. Our findings highlight that more attention should be paid to the impacts of ET0 changes on drought in Southwest China. Furthermore, these results can provide a reference for the allocation of water resources and the implementation of countermeasures to climate change.
Highlights
Climate change, which is associated with increasing greenhouse gas emissions, has led to the profound concern that future water availability may be threatened [1]
Our results show that the trend in ET0 altered from significantly decreasing from 1960 to 2000 to increasing after 2000, which indicates that the continuous increase in temperature and decrease in relative humidity has offset the impact of the significant decrease in the sunshine duration (Tsun) and wind speed, dominating the change in ET0 in Southwest China
We selected Southwest China as a typical region and investigated the spatiotemporal variation in ET0, the trends in ET0, the contributions of four climatic driving factors to trends in ET0, and the impact of shifts in ET0 on the drought duration based on data from 1960 to 2018 from 79 meteorological stations
Summary
Climate change, which is associated with increasing greenhouse gas emissions, has led to the profound concern that future water availability may be threatened [1]. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 705 increase, which will further accelerate the hydrological cycles and increase evapotranspiration [2]. Evapotranspiration, as an essential component of the hydrological cycle and the most important climatic element, controls energy and water exchange in the boundary layer [3]. Because of the complex interactions among the components of the land–plant–atmosphere system, the actual evapotranspiration is very difficult to measure directly on a wide scale. It is commonly estimated from weather data (sunshine duration, wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity) by using the Penman–Monteith method [5]
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