Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is an important autonomic control center. It receives afferent inputs from many brain regions, including the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). The connection between the MnPO and the PVN is particularly important in generating chronic intermittent hypoxia phenotypes such as increased sympathetic activity leading to the development of hypertension. PVN‐projecting MnPO neurons discharge frequency is <5Hz. To gain more insight into the acute change in PVN neuron properties after low‐frequency stimulation, whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings were performed on PVN neurons. Adult 250‐350g male rats were injected bilaterally in the PVN with 100 nL retrogradely transported adeno‐associated virus encoding Channelrhodopsin (AAVrg‐CaMKIIa‐hChR2(H134R)‐mCherry) or with AAVrg‐CAG‐tdTomato as control. Three weeks after the injections, the rats were anesthetized with isoflurane (2‐3%) and sacrificed to prepare horizontal brain slices containing the PVN and MnPO. Postsynaptic currents were recorded from PVN neurons in whole‐cell voltage clamp configuration (Vhold=‐60 mV) under constant bath perfusion of normal aCSF (2‐3 ml/min). Axon terminals in the PVN were stimulated with 5Hz LED‐generated blue light (470nM) pulses of 50‐ms duration, 5 seconds off/on for a total of 1 min, delivered using optical fiber directed to the MnPO. Photo‐evoked currents were measured during 5 min before and after the photo‐stimulation train. Amplitude and frequency of spontaneous currents were compared before and after stimulation as well. At the end of each recording, cells were characterized as type I (magnocellular) or type II (parvocellular) PVN neurons based on the presence of transient outward rectification. Data were analyzed offline using Easy Electrophysiology v2.3.3 software. For both cell types, 5 Hz optogenetic stimulation caused a significant reduction in the optogenetic‐evoked current amplitude during the first 15 minutes after stimulation (before stimulation 94.88±2.85 %, n=9 cells vs. 15 minutes after stimulation 67.52±6.15 %, n=9. P=0.0027) before returning to baseline values. Post‐stimulation spontaneous postsynaptic current amplitude and frequency decreased in type II PVN neurons from retrograde ChR2 animals (pre‐stimulation amplitude 100±0.62 % vs. post‐stimulation amplitude 86.50±0.54 %, P=0.0371; pre‐stimulation frequency 3.82±1.7 Hz, post‐stimulation frequency 2.396±1.2 Hz, P= 0.0385) but not in type I PVN neurons from retrograde ChR2 animals or cells from control animals. Kinetic profiles of spontaneous current in type I and II PVN neurons did not change after 5 Hz optogenetic stimulation. The results suggest that low‐frequency stimulation discriminately alters spontaneous presynaptic neurotransmitter release and possibly postsynaptic responsiveness in PVN neurons. Additional experiments will be needed to specifically stimulate PVN afferents from the MnPO.
Published Version
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