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Abstract
Tolerance to the pink snow mould resulting from Microdochium nivale infection is an essential trait of triticale (x Triticosecale) for winter survival. In the present study, we aimed to verify whether the presence and concentration of free and cell wall-bound phenolic acids are important factors in triticale responses to M. nivale infection. Based on 3 years’ testing of triticale tolerance, 2 out of 92 doubled haploid triticale lines derived from ‘Hewo’ × ‘Magnat’ F1 hybrid were selected, which are the most tolerant and the most sensitive to M. nivale infection. Plants were grown along with their parents under controlled conditions, pre-hardened and cold-hardened, while non-hardened plants served as the control. Hardened plants were covered with the artificial snow-imitating covers and inoculated with M. nivale mycelium, while the control plants were treated the same way except the infection. The aim of the study was to identify differences in the initial content and composition of phenolics under the influence of applied stresses. Conducted HPLC analysis showed that the most abundant were ferulic, rosmarinic, chlorogenic, sinapic, and trans-cinnamic acids. The contents of most of phenolics depended on genotype and growth conditions. Two cell wall-bound sinapic and trans-cinnamic acids, could be indicated as potentially related to the increased snow mould tolerance of winter triticale seedlings. A correlation between the total phenolic levels with the tolerance was not found; however, the proportion between the total levels of cell wall-bound and free phenolic compounds under low temperature could play a role prior to M. nivale infection.
Highlights
In plant cells, phenolic acids can be detected as free molecules or as compounds bound to cell walls and/or polymerised
ferulic acid (FA) was the most abundant among the WBPhA and all detected phenolics, while RA showed the highest concentration among the FPhA pool
FA was the predominant phenolic compound found in many other studies, e.g., in triticale (Hosseinian and Mazza 2009; Hura et al 2009), wheat (Olenichenko et al 2006; Southerton and Deverall 1990), durum wheat (Nicoletti et al 2013) and spelt (Gawlik-Dziki et al 2012)
Summary
Phenolic acids can be detected as free molecules or as compounds bound to cell walls and/or polymerised. The most commonly reported are the following: ferulic acid (FA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA), syringic acid (SyA), benzoic acid (BA), and sinapic acid (SiA) (Aristimuño Ficoseco et al 2014; Assabgui et al 1993; Bollina et al 2011; Boutigny et al 2010; Engelharclt et al 2002; Lattanzio et al 2006; McKeehen et al 1999; Miedes et al 2014; Nicholson and Hammerschmidt 1992; Prasad et al 2010; Siranidou et al 2002; Southerton and Deverall 1990) Another phenolic compound, which is the free salicylic acid (SA), is the one of the most important signalling molecules of defense response against invading pathogens (Lattanzio et al 2006; Naz et al 2014; Ng et al 2011; Wang et al 2007). Increased antioxidative activity, in which phenolic compounds are involved, neutralizes the overdose of ROS released under the influence of stress factors, helps plants surviving both cold (Scebba et al 1999; Shigeoka et al 2002) and pathogen infection (Gołębiowska et al 2011; Hanifei et al 2013; Ivanov et al 2004; Király et al 2007; Kumar et al 2009; Płażek et al 2003)
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