Abstract
Trichoderma species are widely used as biofungicides for the control of fungal plant pathogens. Several studies have been performed to identify the main genes and compounds involved in Trichoderma–plant–microbial pathogen cross-talks. However, there is not much information about the exact mechanism of this profitable interaction. Peptaibols secreted mainly by Trichoderma species are linear, 5–20 amino acid residue long, non-ribosomally synthesized peptides rich in α-amino isobutyric acid, which seem to be effective in Trichoderma–plant pathogenic fungus interactions. In the present study, reversed phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to detect peptaibol profiles of Trichoderma strains during interactions with fungal plant pathogens. MS investigations of the crude extracts deriving from in vitro confrontations of Trichoderma asperellum and T. longibrachiatum with different plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum species complex, Alternaria solani and Rhizoctonia solani) were performed to get a better insight into the role of these non-ribosomal antimicrobial peptides. The results revealed an increase in the total amount of peptaibols produced during the interactions, as well as some differences in the peptaibol profiles between the confrontational and control tests. Detection of the expression level of the peptaibol synthetase tex1 by qRT-PCR showed a significant increase in T. asperellum/R. solani interaction in comparison to the control. In conclusion, the interaction with plant pathogens highly influenced the peptaibol production of the examined Trichoderma strains.
Highlights
Various approaches are used to reduce the economic and aesthetic damages caused by plant pathogens, but most of them are not efficient enough
The crude extracts of Trichoderma isolates used in this study showed antibacterial activities towards M. luteus (Figure 2A)
Among the four taxa of Fusarium tested in this study, the highest Biocontrol index (BCI) values were determined for T. asperellum IRAN 3062C against F. graminearum
Summary
Various approaches are used to reduce the economic and aesthetic damages caused by plant pathogens, but most of them are not efficient enough. Due to microbial resistance to traditional antibiotics and chemical compounds, as well as the environmental and health risks of chemicals, scientists’ attempts are focused on finding safe and eco-friendly alternatives. The application of biofertilizers and biopesticides is a promising alternative for plant protection against the attack of different pathogens [2]. Trichoderma spp. are popular due to their visible direct effects on fungal pathogens and their capability to induce resistance in plants [3]. The genus Trichoderma was identified by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1794, but its biocontrol ability as a mycoparasite on Rhizoctonia and Sclerotinia was described firstly by Weindling in 1934. More than 300 Trichoderma species have been identified morphologically and genetically [4,5]
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