Abstract
Introduction:We reported previously that exercise significantly increases plasma adrenaline and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in healthy subjects but not in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Since oxLDL and adrenaline levels are associated with oxidant/antioxidant balance, and exercise training elicits production of reactive oxygen species, we elucidated the effects of exercise on adrenaline, oxidant/antioxidant balance and oxLDL in individuals with SCI.Case Presentation:Eight subjects with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) and nine subjects with lower lesion of SCI (lower SCI (LSCI)) participated in a wheelchair half marathon race, and blood samples were collected before (pre), immediately after (post) and 1 h after the race (post 1 h). The blood samples were used to determine adrenaline, derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP), both as markers for oxidant/antioxidant balance.Discussion:Pre-serum oxLDL levels were 147.2±8.1 and 97.0±10.4 U l−1 (mean±s.e.m.) in LCSI and CSCI subjects, respectively, and remained stable throughout the study. Adrenaline levels were higher in LSCI athletes than in CSCI athletes, especially post half marathon. Serum d-ROMs level did not change between pre and post in both groups. The mean BAP was significantly higher in LSCI than in CSCI subjects (2574±94.6 vs 2118±94.6 μmol l−1) at post, whereas the oxidative stress index (d-ROMs/BAP) was similar in the two groups throughout the study. In conclusion, exercise did not increase the d-ROMs or d-ROMs/BAP ratio in CSCI and LSCI subjects. The lack of increase in the plasma oxLDL level in SCI subjects was not due to the lack of response of adrenaline to exercise.
Highlights
We reported previously that exercise significantly increases plasma adrenaline and oxidized low-density lipoprotein in healthy subjects but not in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI)
Each blood sample was stored into a chilled vacutainer containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-2K for the measurement of blood cell counts and plasma adrenaline and into a lithium heparin-treated syringe for the measurements of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) levels
We reported previously that the oxLDL level increased after 2-h of arm crank ergometer exercise in able-bodied subjects, but not in subjects with SCI between T3 and T12.13 We demonstrated that the extent of increase in adrenaline in SCI subjects was significantly lower than in able-bodied subjects in that study
Summary
We reported previously that exercise significantly increases plasma adrenaline and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in healthy subjects but not in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). The mean BAP was significantly higher in LSCI than in CSCI subjects (2574 ± 94.6 vs 2118 ± 94.6 μmol l − 1) at post, whereas the oxidative stress index (d-ROMs/BAP) was similar in the two groups throughout the study. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) enhances the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and increases the risk of coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Polyunsaturated fatty acid residues of lipids in LDL are oxidized by ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation, and the subsequent radical reactions result in the formation of both protein and lipid hydroperoxide on LDL.[11]
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