Abstract
How do baseball batters solve the problem of coordinating the timing of the different phases of movement to generate a powerful swing that is appropriately adjusted for the trajectory of the pitch? How does the development of this coordination solution depend on the structure of practice? Previously unpublished ground reaction force (GRF) data were analyzed to investigate the swing coordination changes that were associated with the changes in batting performance found in the training study by Gray (2017). From pre–post training, there were significant increases in the magnitude of correlations between adjacent swing phases, significant increases in good variability (changes that keep the swing within the required temporal constraint), significant decreases in bad variability (changes that move the swing outside the temporal constraint), and stronger evidence of online adjustments of the different swing phases. These effects were significantly larger for the virtual environment (VE) Adaptive group from the Gray (2017) study that had higher variability in practice conditions. Across all participants, there were significant correlations between the changes in good and bad variability from pre–post training and measures of batting from VE and real hitting tests, and statistics from league play. These findings suggest that baseball batters solve the problem of coordination by developing functional variability and coupling between swing phases (Katsumata, 2007), which can be facilitated by having more variability in practice conditions.
Highlights
The question of how the movement of our different body parts becomes coordinated when acquiring a new perceptual-motor skill has long been of interest
When learning to hit a baseball, how should my lower body be moved with respect to my upper body? Bernstein (1967) captured the challenge involved in movement coordination in his well-known degrees of freedom problem
Previous research has shown that this coordination problem is solved in skilled batters through the use of coordinative structures or functional couplings between the different swing phases (Katsumata, 2007)
Summary
The question of how the movement of our different body parts becomes coordinated when acquiring a new perceptual-motor skill has long been of interest. To a hit a baseball, I could move the bat via a rotation of my hands around the wrist joint, a rotation of my lower arms around the elbow joint, Movement Coordination in Batting a rotation of my arms around the shoulder joint, a rotation of my upper body around the hip joint, or any combination of these movements. Each of these joints can be rotated in different ways (e.g., there are six different muscles that move the elbow). The problem for Bernstein was: how does our perceptual-motor system determine the combination of movements to use when we are given so many options? he defined coordination as “the process of mastering redundant degrees of freedom of the moving body, in other words its conversion to a controllable system.”
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