Abstract
Background: Sodium-5,6-benzylidene-L-ascorbate (SBA), and its component units, benzaldehyde (BA) and sodium ascorbate (SA), are known to exert antitumor activity, while eugenol exerts anti-inflammatory activity. To narrow down their intracellular targets, metabolomic analysis was performed. Methods: Viable cell number was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Fine cell structures were observed under transmission electron microscope. Cellular metabolites were extracted with methanol and subjected to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) for quantification of intracellular metabolites. Results: SBA was cleaved into BA and SA under acidic condition. Among these three compounds, BA showed the highest-tumor specificity in vitro against human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line. BA did not induce the vacuolization in HSC-2 OSCC cells, and its cytotoxicity was not inhibited by catalase, in contrast to SBA and SA. Only BA suppressed the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle at early stage of cytotoxicity induction. Eugenol more rapidly induced the vacuolization and suppressed the TCA cycle in three human normal oral cells (gingival fibroblast, periodontal ligament fibroblast, pulp cell). Neither BA nor eugenol affected the ATP utilization, further supporting that they do not induce apoptosis. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated for the first time that both BA and eugenol suppressed the TCA cycle in tumor cells and normal cells, respectively. It is crucial to design methodology that enhances the antitumor potential of BA and reduces the cytotoxicity of eugenol to allow for safe clinical application.
Highlights
Benzaldehyde (BA) is an antitumor principle of the volatile fraction of figs [1]
The present study demonstrated for the first time that BA shows several properties distinct from those of SBA and sodium ascorbate (SA), and that both BA and eugenol targeted the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle at early stage of cell death induction
Human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line (HSC-2), purchased from Riken Cell Bank (Ibaragi, Japan), and human oral normal cells (HGF, HPLF, and HPC), established from the first premolar tooth extracted from the lower jaw of a 12-year-old girl [34], were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated
Summary
Benzaldehyde (BA) is an antitumor principle of the volatile fraction of figs [1]. Several BA derivatives have been prepared for clinical application. SBA had no apparent host immunopotentiation activity carcinoma induced remarkable necrotic changes of the tumor, they showed weak or no such asantitumor stimulation of cytokine action or production; activation of monocyte or polymorphonuclear activity against implanted tumors in mice. Using antitumor activity of SBA might be produced by direct action of authentic or its metabolized a newlytheestablished high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)SBA separation technique [6], form(s) [5]. Sodium-5,6-benzylidene-L-ascorbate (SBA), and its component units, benzaldehyde (BA) and sodium ascorbate (SA), are known to exert antitumor activity, while eugenol exerts anti-inflammatory activity. To narrow down their intracellular targets, metabolomic analysis was performed. Results: SBA was cleaved into BA and SA under acidic condition
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