Abstract
The effect of garlic extract at different concentrations for reaching early break dormancy in buds of "Anna" apple (Malus sylvestris, Mill) trees and their effects on metabolic changes in the content of shoots from (water content %, total carbohydrates, total sugars, reducing sugars, anthocyanine, total free amino acids, free proline, total indoles and free phenoles) during their release from dormancy were investigated. The trees were grown in loamy sand soil, and sprayed with five treatments; 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% garlic extract. Generally, it was found that all studied flowering parameters; date of flower buds break, percentage of bud’s break, fruit set, total number of fruits/tree, yield/tree (kg) and seasonal changes in some chemical constituents of shoots; water content %, total carbohydrates, total sugars, reducing sugars, anthocyanine, total free amino acids, free proline and total indoles were increased with the application of different treatments. The best results were obtained from the treatments of garlic extract at 15 % flowed by 20 %. On the contrary, the same treatments decreased free phenols in shoots as compared to the control. It could be recommended to use garlic extract at the rate of 15 % for improving bud break, growth, yield and chemical constituents of apple shoots
Highlights
The term dormancy, as applied to plants, implies that growth is arrested and the plant enters a state in which the meristems of buds and/or the vascular cambium are at rest, dormancy is an adaptive mechanism that enables woody plants to survive the freezing temperatures of winter
The induction of dormancy occurs in response to seasonal environmental signals
The compounds from garlic that stimulated budbreak in grapevines in this work include sulphur in their molecule; we propose that sulphur could play a key role in breaking bud dormancy of grape cultivars evaluated in this study
Summary
The term dormancy, as applied to plants, implies that growth is arrested and the plant enters a state in which the meristems of buds and/or the vascular cambium are at rest, dormancy is an adaptive mechanism that enables woody plants to survive the freezing temperatures of winter. This complex process is characterized by the cessation of meristem activity, which is accompanied by winter bud set, extensive metabolic remodeling, an acquired high tolerance to cold and in deciduous trees, by leaf senescence and abscission. The high cost of dormancy breaking agent (chemicals) and their environmental pollution have been focused attention on foliar application of bio-extracts such as garlic extract
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