Changes in illite crystallinity within an ancient tectonic boundary thrust caused by thermal, mechanical, and hydrothermal effects: an example from the Nobeoka Thrust, southwest Japan

Rina Fukuchi,Yoshitaka Hashimoto,Koichiro Fujimoto,Asuka Yamaguchi,Yohei Hamada,Jun Kameda,Gaku Kimura,Saneatsu Saito,Yujin Kitamura,Mari Hamahashi

doi:10.1186/1880-5981-66-116

Abstract

Illite crystallinity (IC), the full width at half maximum of the illite (001) peak in clay-fraction X-ray diffraction (XRD), is a common geothermometer widely applied to various tectonic settings. Paleotemperature estimation using IC presents methodological ambiguity because IC is not only affected by background temperature but also by mechanical, hydrothermal, and surface weathering effects. To clarify the influences of these effects on IC in the fault zone, we analyzed the IC and the illite 001 peak intensity of continuous borehole core samples from the Nobeoka Thrust, a fossilized tectonic boundary thrust in the Shimanto Belt, the Cretaceous-Paleogene Shimanto accretionary complex in southwest Japan. We also carried out grinding experiments on borehole core samples and sericite standard samples as starting materials and investigated the effect of mechanical comminution on the IC and illite peak intensity of the experimental products. We observed the following: (1) the paleotemperatures of the hanging wall and footwall of the Nobeoka Thrust are estimated to be 288°C to 299°C and 198°C to 249°C, respectively, which are approximately 20°C to 30°C lower than their previously reported temperatures estimated by vitrinite reflectance; (2) the fault core of the Nobeoka Thrust does not exhibit IC decrease; (3) the correlation of IC and illite peak intensity in the hanging wall damage zone were well reproduced by the grinding experiment, suggesting that the effect of mechanical comminution increases toward the fault core and; (4) the abrupt increase in IC value accompanied by high illite peak intensity is explained by hydrothermal alterations including plagioclase breakdown and the formation of white micas. Our results indicate that IC has potential for quantifying the effects of mechanical comminution and hydrothermal alteration within a fault zone.

Highlights

Rapid slip on a plate boundary megathrust or megasplay fault branching from the plate boundary causes large earthquakes and tsunamis in the subduction zone
Based on the results of the study, we propose that the increase in Illite crystallinity (IC) values in the hanging wall damage zone of the Nobeoka Thrust is due to mechanical comminution, in light of our comparisons of borehole core samples (Figures 5a and 6c,d) and products of grinding experiments (Figures 5b and 6a,b)
The following conclusions were drawn from this study: 1) The IC values of the borehole core across the Nobeoka Thrust show a remarkable difference between the hanging wall and the footwall

Summary

Introduction

Rapid slip on a plate boundary megathrust or megasplay fault branching from the plate boundary causes large earthquakes and tsunamis in the subduction zone. The Nobeoka Thrust in Japan, a large-scale tectonic boundary thrust in the Shimanto accretionary complex, is considered a fossilized seismogenic megasplay fault based on its paleotemperatures (250°C to 320°C) (Kondo et al 2005) and on the discovery of pseudotachylyte in its hanging wall damage zone (Okamoto et al 2006). Hara and Kimura (2000) in particular emphasized that these factors readily influence the IC values near a fault zone, and that IC value does not necessarily reflect background paleotemperature. If such factors are appropriately isolated, the IC of the fault zone has potential for assessing thermal, mechanical, and hydrothermal effects related to faulting

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion