Changes in human parechovirus profiles in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis after a three-year interval in Lanzhou, China.

Ying Guo,Zhaojun Duan,Yuan Qian,Qijing Zhang

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068321

Abstract

The changing profile of infection over time for Human Parechoviruses (HPeVs) is not well known and no detailed study has been reported to date in China. This investigation on HPeV infection in hospitalized children in Lanzhou, China revealed variations in epidemiological characteristics after a three-year interval. To assess the changes that had occurred, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HPeVs were characterized and compared with previously reported data by our group. A comparable positivity rate (25.3%, 73/289) was revealed after the three-year interval with the majority of the infected children (95.9%, 70/73) being younger than two years of age. While a temporal change in the seasonal distribution was noted in the current study, HPeVs were more frequently detected during July to November compared to September to December in the previous study. Changes in HPeV genotypes patterns, a temporal change in the prevalence of HPeV1, a younger susceptible age to HPeV3 compared with HPeV1 and a tendency of older children to be infected with HPeV4 are in contrast to our previous report. HPeV2, a rarely reported genotype, was identified for the first time in China. In addition, an exclusive trinucleotide (GAT) insertion in the HPeV4 nucleotide sequence was identified. However, the profiles of co-infection with other enteric related viruses were similar to our previous findings. In summary, these data suggest temporal variation in the seasonal distribution of HPeV and changing patterns of HPeV genotypes over time in the study region.

Highlights

Human Parechoviruses (HPeVs) are single-stranded, positivesense RNA viruses
Various clinical manifestations from asymptomatic infection to moderate gastroenteritis or respiratory infection, serious sepsis-like illness [7,16,17,18,19,20], encephalitis [21,22,23,24,25], encephalomyelitis [26], transient paralysis [5] or sudden infant death syndrome [27] have been reported in HPeV-infected subjects
The current annual prevalence of 25.3% for HPeV infection was comparable to the 29.4% detection rate that had been determined in the previous study conducted in 2006–2007 in the same region of China [30]

Summary

Introduction

Human Parechoviruses (HPeVs) are single-stranded, positivesense RNA viruses. The genome is approximately 7,400 nucleotides (nt) in length, encoding three structural and seven nonstructural proteins flanked by 59 and 39 un-translated regions [1].Due to their distinctive biological and molecular properties, HPeVs were assigned to the genus Parechovirus in the familyPicornaviridae in the seventh report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses [2]. The genome is approximately 7,400 nucleotides (nt) in length, encoding three structural and seven nonstructural proteins flanked by 59 and 39 un-translated regions [1]. Due to their distinctive biological and molecular properties, HPeVs were assigned to the genus Parechovirus in the family. Various clinical manifestations from asymptomatic infection to moderate gastroenteritis or respiratory infection, serious sepsis-like illness [7,16,17,18,19,20], encephalitis [21,22,23,24,25], encephalomyelitis [26], transient paralysis [5] or sudden infant death syndrome [27] have been reported in HPeV-infected subjects

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