Abstract
Extreme precipitation can cause disasters such as floods, landslides and crop destruction. A further study on extreme precipitation is essential for enabling reliable projections of future changes. In this study, the trends and frequency distribution changes in extreme precipitation across different major river basins around the world during 1960–2011 were examined based on two of the latest observational data sets respectively collected from 110,000 and 26,592 global meteorological stations. The results showed that approximately a quarter of basins have experienced statistically significant increase in maximum consecutive one-day, three-day and five-day precipitation (RX1day, RX3day and RX5day, respectively). In particular, dramatic increases were found in the recent decade for the Syr Darya River basin (SDR) and Amu Darya River basin (ADR) in the Middle East, while a decrease in RX3day and RX5day were seen over the Amur River basin in East Asia. One third of basins showed remarkable changes in frequency distributions of the three indices, and in most cases the distributions shifted toward larger amounts of extreme precipitation. Relative to the subperiod of 1960–1984, wider range of the three indices over SDR and ADR were detected for 1985–2011, indicating intensification along with larger fluctuations of extreme precipitation. However, some basins have frequency distributions shifting toward smaller amounts of RX3day and RX5day, such as the Columbia River basin and the Yellow River basin. The study has potential to provide the most up-to-date and comprehensive global picture of extreme precipitation, which help guide wiser public policies in future to mitigate the effects of these changes across global river basins.
Highlights
Flood, landslide and soil erosion triggered by extreme precipitation are among the major hazards that pose threats to society and the environment [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Alexander et al (2006) examined global trends and probability distributions of extreme precipitation, showing that extreme precipitation has increased on the whole for the 20th century, but the probability distribution of maximum one-day precipitation (RX1day) does not exhibit remarkable changes [11]
We show remarkable changes in the frequency distributions of extreme precipitation over some basins, such as the RX1day, RX3day and RX5day over basin #1, the RX1day and RX5day over basin #5 and the RX3day and RX5day over basin #14, all of which shift toward larger amount suggesting intensified extreme precipitation at local scales
Summary
Landslide and soil erosion triggered by extreme precipitation are among the major hazards that pose threats to society and the environment [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. The understanding of extreme precipitation features is beneficial for the forecasting and management of these hazards. Extreme precipitation is becoming substantially more intense and unpredictable, with larger fluctuations than the past largely due to climate change, and it always displays high spatiotemporal heterogeneity [8,9,10,11]. Exploring extreme precipitation behaviors across various regions enables a comprehensive understanding of how it changes in space and time under the changing environment [12,13]. A variety of literatures have revealed extreme precipitation changes at different spatial scales. Alexander et al (2006) examined global trends and probability distributions of extreme precipitation, showing that extreme precipitation has increased on the whole for the 20th century, but the probability distribution of maximum one-day precipitation (RX1day) does not exhibit remarkable changes [11]
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