Abstract
In this review, the career of a pediatric exercise physiologist (HCGK) is given over a period of almost 50 years. His research was concentrated on the relationship of physical activity (physical education, sport, and daily physical activity) with health and fitness in teenagers in secondary schools. (1) His first experiment was an exercise test on a bicycle ergometer to measure aerobic fitness by estimating physical work capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats/minute (PWC170). (2) Secondly, a randomized control trial (RCT) was performed with an intervention of more intensive physical education (PE) with circuit interval training during three lessons per week over a period of six weeks. (3) Thereafter, a second RCT was performed with an intervention of two extra PE lessons per week over a whole school year. The results of these two RCTs appeared to be small or nonsignificant, probably because the effects were confounded by differences in maturation and the habitual physical activity of these teenagers. (4) Therefore, the scope of the research was changed into the direction of a long-term longitudinal study (the Amsterdam Growth And Health Longitudinal Study). This study included male and female teenagers that were followed over many years to get insight into the individual changes in biological factors (growth, fitness, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension) and lifestyle parameters such as nutrition, smoking, alcohol usage, and daily physical activity. With the help of new advanced statistical methods (generalized estimating equations, random coefficient analysis, and autoregression analysis) suitable for longitudinal data, research questions regarding repeated measurements, tracking, or stability were answered. New measurement techniques such as mineral bone density by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) showed that bone can also be influenced by short bursts of mechanical load. This changed his mind: In children and adolescents, not only can daily aerobic exercise of at least 30 to 60 min duration increase the aerobic power of muscles, but very short highly intensive bursts of less than one minute per day can also increase the strength of their bones.
Highlights
Almost 50 years ago, a pediatric exercise physiologist (HCGK) started his career as a teacher of physical education (PE) in Amsterdam (Ignatius College), and, at the same time, he worked on his PhD thesis as an exercise physiologist at the University of Amsterdam (Jan Swammerdam Institute)
(4) the scope of the research was changed into the direction of a long-term longitudinal study
With the help of new advanced statistical methods suitable for longitudinal data, research questions regarding repeated measurements, tracking, or stability were answered. New measurement techniques such as mineral bone density by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) showed that bone can be influenced by short bursts of mechanical load. This changed his mind: In children and adolescents, can daily aerobic exercise of at least 30 to 60 min duration increase the aerobic power of muscles, but very short highly intensive bursts of less than one minute per day can increase the strength of their bones
Summary
Almost 50 years ago, a pediatric exercise physiologist (HCGK) started his career as a teacher of physical education (PE) in Amsterdam (Ignatius College), and, at the same time, he worked on his PhD thesis as an exercise physiologist at the University of Amsterdam (Jan Swammerdam Institute). = 80), two intervention studies were performed: one with more year intensive lessons with interval circuit training three times per week over a six week period Physiologic measurements without interval circuit training [3] Such as forced expiratory ventilation in 1 sec (FEV1) and bicycle workload per kg body weight at a. The published results were ambivalent: In the six-week experiment, no change in morphological such as forced could expiratory ventilation in 1circuit sec = 33), and they were compared withshort two experimental classes with 5results lessons were per week
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