Abstract
The evolution of cocoa farming was quickly confronted with the development of pests and diseases. These sanitary constraints have shaped the geographical distribution of production over the centuries. Current climate change adds an additional constraint to the plant health constraints, making the future of cocoa farming more uncertain. Climate change is not only affecting the areas where cocoa is grown for physiological reasons, particularly in relation to changes in water regimes, but also affects the distribution of pests and diseases affecting this crop. These different points are discussed in the light of the trajectories observed in the different cocoa-growing areas. The breeding programs of cocoa trees for sustainable resistance to plant health constraints and climate change are therefore particularly important challenges for cocoa farming, with the other management practices of plantations.
Highlights
The evolution of cocoa farming was quickly confronted with the development of pests and diseases
The cocoa tree was cultivated by the Aztecs and Mayas at that time, and archaeological studies have indicated its cultivation in the region called Soconusco long before that time [2]
The first domestication of the cocoa tree would have been made by the Olmecs from 1000 BC
Summary
When the Spaniards discovered Central America and Mexico (1504–1525), cocoa had already been produced, traded and consumed there for several centuries [1]. The production of themainly different producing countries have was massively to other cycles continents, Asia and Africa Onother the other new diseases to which thetree cocoa not previously been subjected have appeared (host jump), including cacao swollen shoot virus, had not previously been subjected have appeared (host jump), including cacao swollen shoot virus, Phytophthora megakaria in Africa, and vascular streak dieback in Asia. Phytophthora megakaria in Africa, and vascular streak dieback in Asia These diseases that have adapted adapted to cocoa reveal the particular susceptibility of this plant species. Diseases originating in the areas of cocoa origin (moniliasis, witches’ broom) have not spread to the other producing continents. The coffee berry borer (Hyptothenemus hampei), which originated in Africa, is present in almost all production areas [19]
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