Abstract
5G cellular communication, especially with its hugely available bandwidth provided by millimeter-wave, is a promising technology to fulfill the coming high demand for vast data rates. These networks can support new use cases such as Vehicle to Vehicle and augmented reality due to its novel features such as network slicing along with the mmWave multi-gigabit-per-second data rate. Nevertheless, 5G cellular networks suffer from some shortcomings, especially in high frequencies because of the intermittent nature of channels when the frequency rises. Non-line of sight state, is one of the significant issues that the new generation encounters. This drawback is because of the intense susceptibility of higher frequencies to blockage caused by obstacles and misalignment. This unique characteristic can impair the performance of the reliable transport layer widely deployed protocol, TCP, in attaining high throughput and low latency throughout a fair network. As a result, the protocol needs to adjust the congestion window size based on the current situation of the network. However, TCP is not able to adjust its congestion window efficiently, and it leads to throughput degradation of the protocol. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of reliable end-to-end communications in 5G networks. It provides the analysis of the effects of TCP in 5G mmWave networks, the discussion of TCP mechanisms and parameters involved in the performance over 5G networks, and a survey of current challenges, solutions, and proposals. Finally, a feasibility analysis proposal of machine learning-based approaches to improve reliable end-to-end communications in 5G networks is presented.
Highlights
Due to the rise in demand for higher data rates by appearing new features and services, the necessity for increasing the bandwidth in new generation mobile networks is inevitable
The new mobile generation provides high bandwidth, without an effective transport layer, which is able to utilize the available bandwidth of mmWave in 5G networks and deal with the existing issues such as blockage and misalignment, this bandwidth will be wasted, and reaching high data rates will be challenging
An investigation on the impact of the size of MSS was done in [21], and the results show that loss-based TCPs such as NewReno, adds up to their congestion window sizes slowly when the standard value for MSS is used, which makes protocols underutilize the high bandwidth of 5G mmWave networks
Summary
Due to the rise in demand for higher data rates by appearing new features and services, the necessity for increasing the bandwidth in new generation mobile networks is inevitable. Both disconnections can affect the performance of TCP, the effects of the long ones are stronger due to the high probability of triggering the RTO, which leads to a congestion window initializing and slowing down the sending rate dramatically This problem can even be worse when the network is not congested because initializing the cwnd size in this situation can degrade the throughput profoundly. The new mobile generation provides high bandwidth, without an effective transport layer, which is able to utilize the available bandwidth of mmWave in 5G networks and deal with the existing issues such as blockage and misalignment, this bandwidth will be wasted, and reaching high data rates will be challenging. The section aims to present the challenges of implementing TCP over 5G networks, the made efforts on the way of deploying TCP such as new schemes and investigations, and recent advances
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