Abstract
Advanced X-ray spectroscopic methods provide unique and critical data to study matter under extreme environmental conditions induced by high-intensity and high-energy lasers. The aim of this paper is to contribute to a contemporary discussion of the role of X-ray spectroscopy in the investigation of radiative properties of strongly coupled, highly correlated, and frequently weakly emissive plasma systems formed in matter irradiated by sub-petawatt and petawatt class lasers. After reviewing the properties of different X-ray crystal spectrometers, high-resolution X-ray diagnostic methods are surveyed with respect to their potential to study plasma-induced and externally induced radiation fields, suprathermal electrons, and strong electromagnetic field effects. Atomic physics in dense plasmas is reviewed with emphasis on non-Maxwellian non-LTE atomic kinetics, quasi-stationary and highly-transient conditions, hollow ion X-ray emission, and field-perturbed atoms and ions. Finally, we discuss the role of X-ray free electron lasers with respect to supplementary investigations of matter under extreme conditions via the use of controlled high-intensity radiation fields.
Highlights
X-ray spectroscopy has proven to be one of the most valuable diagnostic methods for the determination of system parameters and the exploration of various physical phenomena occurring in plasmas
Owing to the high density, opacity is important in almost all experimental conditions, and X-ray spectroscopy is the primary tool for studying matter under extreme conditions
Suprathermal electron production driven by instabilities accompanying laser–plasma interaction is of paramount interest for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) science and highenergy-density physics
Summary
X-ray spectroscopy has proven to be one of the most valuable diagnostic methods for the determination of system parameters and the exploration of various physical phenomena occurring in plasmas. X-ray spectroscopic investigation of extreme states of matter is faced with numerous challenges The first of these relates to the high level of environmental radiation (originating, e.g., from bremsstrahlung due to the presence of MeV electrons, material activation, etc.) that is characteristic of interaction experiments with high-intensity lasers in the petawatt (PW) and megajoule class. We discuss situations where X rays offer the most efficient and sometimes the only vehicle capable of providing the desired diagnostic information This requires interlinking of the measured radiative properties with phenomena occurring in extreme-state matter and with the application of well-tested advanced instrumentation suitable for obtaining high-quality spectroscopic data
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