Abstract
This paper presents a high-level overview of the integration of renewable energy sources (RES), primarily wind and solar, into the electric power system (EPS) in Croatia. It presents transmission system integration aspects for the particular case of this country. It explains the current situation and technical characteristics of the current conventional generation units and currently installed wind energy capacities. Based on the current situation future development scenario is determined and used to evaluate the impacts of the wide-scale integration of renewables. Grid connections aspects, power balancing, market participation, and inertia reduction aspects are considered. Furthermore, some specifics of both solar and wind integration are discussed identifying problems and potential solutions. Primarily through the provision of the inertial response of both solar and wind and through better forecasting of wind production. Finally, the outlook for the Croatian power system is given, that will most probably double its RES capacity in the coming 3-year period and a certain level of investments and changes of current operational practices will need to be provided.
Highlights
This paper presents a high-level overview of the integration of renewable energy sources (RES), primarily wind and solar, into the electric power system (EPS) in Croatia
This paper presents the challenges Croatian EPS is facing in terms of the abovementioned key issues: current and future scenarios concerning the RES integration, the impacts of increased wind power plants and photovoltaic power plants integration on the system frequency stability, RES requirements to participate in ancillary services and the importance and application of wind power production forecasting
All the segments are presented as follows: Section 2 describes the specifics of the Croatian EPS, Section 3 shows future RES integration and inertia reduction scenarios, Section 4 shows the specifics of PV integration while Section 5 shows specifics of wind integration with a focus on production forecasting importance
Summary
Wind and solar energy are the fastest growing renewable energy sources (RES) in the world: according to the International Renewable Energy Agency [1], at the end of 2019, installed wind and solar energy in the world increased to 623 GW and 586 GW respectively. In the power systems on a wider scale, solid-state power converters such as DC/DC choppers, DC/AC inverters, AC/AC cyclo-converters, and AC/DC rectifiers are extensively used in the generation, load, transmission, and distribution subsystems to provide power at different voltage levels at both DC and AC forms. When the share of RES is significant, accurate wind and solar power forecasting alongside the stochastic component and uncertainty of wind and solar must be included in the unit commitment problem This is necessary if wind and solar are to participate in ancillary services. In a low-carbon energy system, a transmission system operator must design requirements for frequency ancillary services based on future demand as well as future RES generation
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