Abstract
Abstract. The Mediterranean region is characterized by intense rainfall events giving rise to devastating floods. In Maghreb countries such as Morocco, there is a strong need for forecasting systems to reduce the impacts of floods. The development of such a system in the case of ungauged catchments is complicated, but remote-sensing products could overcome the lack of in situ measurements. The soil moisture content can strongly modulate the magnitude of flood events and consequently is a crucial parameter to take into account for flood modeling. In this study, different soil moisture products (European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative, ESA-CCI; Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity, SMOS; Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity by the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la Biosphère, SMOS-IC; Advanced Scatterometer, ASCAT; and ERA5 reanalysis) are compared to in situ measurements and one continuous soil-moisture-accounting (SMA) model for basins located in the High Atlas Mountains, upstream of the city of Marrakech. The results show that the SMOS-IC satellite product and the ERA5 reanalysis are best correlated with observed soil moisture and with the SMA model outputs. The different soil moisture datasets were also compared to estimate the initial soil moisture condition for an event-based hydrological model based on the Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS-CN). The ASCAT, SMOS-IC, and ERA5 products performed equally well in validation to simulate floods, outperforming daily in situ soil moisture measurements that may not be representative of the whole catchment soil moisture conditions. The results also indicated that the daily time step may not fully represent the saturation state before a flood event due to the rapid decay of soil moisture after rainfall in these semiarid environments. Indeed, at the hourly time step, ERA5 and in situ measurements were found to better represent the initial soil moisture conditions of the SCS-CN model by comparison with the daily time step. The results of this work could be used to implement efficient flood modeling and forecasting systems in semiarid regions where soil moisture measurements are lacking.
Highlights
The Mediterranean region is characterized by intense rainfall events generating floods with a very short response time (Gaume et al, 2004; Merheb et al, 2016; Tramblay et al, 2011)
This study performed an evaluation of different soil moisture products (ASCAT, ESA-CCI, Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Insitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)–Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la Biosphère (CESBIO) (SMOS-IC), and ERA5) using in situ measurements and a soil-moisture-accounting (SMA) model over two basins located in the Moroccan High Atlas in order to estimate the initial soil moisture conditions before flood events
The results indicated that the SMOS-IC product is well correlated with both the in situ soil moisture measurements and simulated soil moisture from the SMA model over the two basins
Summary
The Mediterranean region is characterized by intense rainfall events generating floods with a very short response time (Gaume et al, 2004; Merheb et al, 2016; Tramblay et al, 2011). The socioeconomic consequences of these floods are very important in terms of fatalities or damages to the infrastructures in particular for southern countries (Vinet et al, 2016). This highlights the need for forecasting systems to reduce the impacts of floods. El Khalki et al.: Comparison of soil moisture products for flood modelling in Morocco several studies have been focused on northern Mediterranean catchments for flood modeling, only a few studies are available for southern basins, yet those are probably the most vulnerable to floods
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