Abstract
Accounting for the elusive gas phase in thermodynamic equilibrium calculations is demonstrated to be important for achieving accurate and unique determination of constituent element chemical potentials, when Gibbs energy minimization (GEM) encounter indeterminacy due to rank deficiency in mass-balance equations. The molar GEM of the equilibrium vapor phase offers a robust solution for unambiguously and accurately determining element chemical potentials. To enable this, a novel optimization method for mass-balance equation is presented, paving the way for reliable thermodynamic calculations.
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