Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by various patterns of progression and disability depending on a number of variables including medications, genetic and underlying pathology. Among factors contributing to loss of independence to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), fluctuating motor and nonmotor symptoms play an important role. Advanced Parkinson's disease (APD) can be defined as a condition where patients become inadequately controlled by standard oral therapies and in many cases to achieve optimal symptom control APD patients may require more invasive treatment options such as such as deep brain stimulation, subcutaneous apomorphine infusion, and levodopa–carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG).
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