Abstract
This chapter explores four challenges for Industrial Ecology (IE) applications: a paradigm shift from linear to closed-loop thinking, restriction lift in legislation and regulations on waste, establishment of knowledge webs, and development of symbiotic and recycling networks. Future development of IE is reflected in each of its study areas. In the area of ‘industrial ecosystem’, features and limitations of different types of industrial ecosystems require further exploration and extended system thinking. For IS, development of knowledge webs, symbiotic networks and infrastructure of end-life-waste collection process are further research agendas. For IM, quantification methods of resource flows in industrial ecosystems require further development. For environmental legislation and regulations, alignment with policy-makers needs to be explored in order to support IE applications on a much larger scale.
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