Abstract
Simple SummaryAutomatic milking systems (AMS) are spreading rapidly among farms. The contribution of AMS to speeding up the milking process and increasing yield is unquestionable. Nonetheless, thanks to continuous research, AMS have shown the potential to improve animal welfare. In this review, we carried out a comprehensive systematic review of the scientific and industrial research on AMS over the last 20 years. The objectives of this study were to identify the tendencies and gaps of research on AMS and to help the scientists addressing future research. The results showed that, despite the interest in milk production, some gaps remain on the improvement of milk quality. Moreover, future research tendencies will likely be related to animal welfare, sensing technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Over the last two decades, the dairy industry has adopted the use of Automatic Milking Systems (AMS). AMS have the potential to increase the effectiveness of the milking process and sustain animal welfare. This study assessed the state of the art of research activities on AMS through a systematic review of scientific and industrial research. The papers and patents of the last 20 years (2000–2019) were analysed to assess the research tendencies. The words appearing in title, abstract and keywords of a total of 802 documents were processed with the text mining tool. Four clusters were identified (Components, Technology, Process and Animal). For each cluster, the words frequency analysis enabled us to identify the research tendencies and gaps. The results showed that focuses of the scientific and industrial research areas complementary, with scientific papers mainly dealing with topics related to animal and process, and patents giving priority to technology and components. Both scientific and industrial research converged on some crucial objectives, such as animal welfare, process sustainability and technological development. Despite the increasing interest in animal welfare, this review highlighted that further progress is needed to meet the consumers’ demand. Moreover, milk yield is still regarded as more valuable compared to milk quality. Therefore, additional effort is necessary on the latter. At the process level, some gaps have been found related to cleaning operations, necessary to improve milk quality and animal health. The use of farm data and their incorporation on herd decision support systems (DSS) appeared optimal. The results presented in this review may be used as an overall assessment useful to address future research.
Highlights
In the last years, the dairy industry is experiencing a constant increase in herd sizes and a concurrent declining workforce
The normalisation was carried out dividing the number of publications extracted using the search query in the four-year periods by the total amount of publications classified under the aforementioned subject area in the Scopus database
The interest of the scientific community carried out dividing the number of publications extracted using the search query in the four‐year periods by the total amount of publications classified under the aforementioned subject area in the Scopus database
Summary
The dairy industry is experiencing a constant increase in herd sizes and a concurrent declining workforce To face these changes, farmers are increasingly adopting automation and precision livestock farming technologies [1,2,3]. The more advanced use of automation involves robotic systems or intelligent machines capable of interacting with their work environment without direct human control [7]. In this last scenario, the introduction of Automatic Milking Systems (AMS) was one of the most significant technological developments in the dairy sector [8,9]. AMS can be considered as an alternative to traditional milking systems and as a new and general approach to manage dairy herd health and production efficiency [10]
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