Abstract
The dominance of converter-based generation in power systems results in a significant reduction of the number of conventional power plants. The transition introduces major challenges of substituting synchronous generators and their ancillary dynamic control services with converter-interfaced generations whose control and interaction with the grid have not been fully understood. This paper presents challenges and research opportunities of frequency control of such low inertia systems. Challenges of frequency control in converter-based systems and a review of power systems facing the challenges caused by low inertia conditions around the world are first investigated. Then, a summary of the solutions that have been proposed for frequency control in low inertia systems is analysed. The paper will conclude with research opportunities for frequency control in low inertia systems, which require further investigation for converter-interfaced systems.
Highlights
Toward a sustainable energy network, integrating more renewable energy sources into electrical systems has become the main motivation
The European Union (EU) has made an ambitious agreement to have at least 27% of whole energy consumption in the EU come from renewable energy sources by 2030 [2]
To improve dynamic voltage regulation and support short-circuit power, one +560/-310 Mvar synchronous condenser (SC) converted from coal plant was implemented in Midwest of Metropolitan Area, while SC application was proposed for short-circuit current support of wind power plants (WPPs) connected to weak AC systems [29]
Summary
Toward a sustainable energy network, integrating more renewable energy sources into electrical systems has become the main motivation. In the continental European system, HVDC links namely COBRA cable and Viking link that are connected from Denmark to the Netherlands and England, are under construction and negotiation, respectively [4, 5] These interconnections will transport huge amounts of renewable energy from the rich renewable-based countries like Norway and Germany to countries with high consumption or high electricity prices such as England, the Netherlands, and Sweden. In modern power systems, conventional power plants will be phased out to give a way for converter-interfaced generations like wind, solar, and importing HVDC links Such converter-interfaced generations have different characteristics and are often controlled in such a way that they are independent of the system frequency.
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