Abstract
Granular materials are found throughout nature and industry: in landslides, avalanches, and river beds, and also in pharmaceutics, food, and mineral processing. Many behaviors of these materials, including the ways in which they pack, deform, flow, and transmit energy, can be fully understood only in the context of inter-particle forces. However, we lack techniques for measuring 3D inter-particle force evolution at subsecond timescales due to technological limitations. Measurements of 3D force chain evolution at subsecond timescales would help validate and extend theories and models that explicitly or implicitly consider force chain dynamics in their predictions. Here, we discuss open challenges associated with force chain evolution on these timescales, challenges limiting such measurements, and possible routes for overcoming these challenges in the coming decade.
Highlights
Granular materials play prominent roles in landslides, avalanches, earthquakes, and river-bed mass transport, as well as in the pharmaceutical, food, and mineral processing industries [1–3]
Granular materials are found throughout nature and industry: in landslides, avalanches, and river beds, and in pharmaceutics, food, and mineral processing
We summarize several open challenges related to dynamic force chain evolution at subsecond timescales, describe the challenges associated with such measurements, and propose possible routes for overcoming these challenges in the coming decade
Summary
Granular materials play prominent roles in landslides, avalanches, earthquakes, and river-bed mass transport, as well as in the pharmaceutical, food, and mineral processing industries [1–3]. Data transfer rates and maximum write speeds of hard drives were the limiting factors hindering faster RIMS measurements Even having overcome such technological limitations, it may be impossible to design a RIMS experiment to quantify subsecond force chain evolution in many cases of interest due to the interaction of index-matched fluids with granular dynamics on such timescales. As another example, 3D X-ray tomography measurements have been made in 20 seconds for glass beads and in less than one second for other materials such as batteries [31,32]. We describe key developments that may provide opportunities for overcoming the current timescale limitations of 3D inter-particle force measurements in the coming years
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