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Abstract
Solid organ transplantation (SOT) is increasingly employed worldwide to treat several diseases causing either acute and chronic organ failure. Recipients of SOT are at increased risk to develop infections as a consequence of immunosuppressive therapy. Sometimes such infections may be acquired by the transplanted organ or by reactivation of previously acquired latent infection. The globalization and the increase of international travel poses a risk for exposure to infections such as Chagas disease (CD), leishmaniasis and malaria endemic in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. We have reviewed the literature regarding risk factors , clinical presentation , diagnosis and treatment of CD, leishmaniasis and malaria in the setting of SOT
Highlights
The role of protozoan infections among solid organ transplant (SOT) patients is becoming increasingly recognised in both endemic and non-endemic countries, these infections are generally considered rare [1,2,3].Diagnosis and treatment of infections such as Chagas disease, malaria, and leishmaniasis in the setting of Solid organ transplantation (SOT) is challenging due to multiple factors; to help clinicians to properly manage them, several guidelines and recommendations have been published in recent years [4,5,6,7,8,9]
We have reviewed the literature regarding risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of Chagas disease (CD), leishmaniasis, and malaria in the setting of SOT
Diagnosis and treatment of infections such as Chagas disease, malaria, and leishmaniasis in the setting of SOT is challenging due to multiple factors; to help clinicians to properly manage them, several guidelines and recommendations have been published in recent years [4,5,6,7,8,9]
Summary
Malaria is the most common human protozoan disease worldwide caused by six different species of Plasmodium: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale wallikeri, P. ovale curtisi, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi, the latter being a zoonotic parasite emerging in East Asia [102]. The disease is usually transmitted by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, but transmission by blood (via transfusion or sharing of contaminated needles), by mother to child, or following organ transplantation is possible [103,104,105,106]. Post-transplant malaria may be the consequence of a donor-derived infection, transmission by blood transfusion, recrudescence, or relapse of a previous infection in the transplant recipient [107,108,109]
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