Abstract
Chaetomium species for plant disease control are reported to be antagonize many plant pathogens. It is a new broad spectrum biological fungicide from Chaetomium species which firstly discovered and patented No. 6266, International Code: AO 1 N 25/12, and registered as Ketomium® mycofungicide for plant disease control in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and China. Chaetoimum biofungicide and biostimulants are applied to implement integrated plant disease control. It showed protective and curative effects in controlling plant disease and promoting plant growth. It has been successfully applied to the infested soils with integrated cultural control for the long-term protection against rice blast (Magnaporte oryzae), durian and black Pepper rot (Piper nigram L.) (Phytophthora palmivora), citrus rot (Phytophthora parasitica) and strawberry rot (Fragaria spp.) caused by Phytophthora cactorum, wilt of tomato (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici), basal rot of corn (Sclerotium rolfsii) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) etc. Further research is reported on the other bioactive compounds from active strains of Chaetomium spp. We have discovered various new compounds from Ch. globosum, Ch. cupreum, Ch. elatum, Ch. cochliodes, Ch. brasiliense, Ch. lucknowense, Ch. longirostre and Ch. siamense. These new compounds are not only inhibiting human pathogens (anti-malaria, anti-tuberculosis, anti-cancer cell lines and anti-C. albicans etc) but also plant pathogens as well. These active natural products from different strains of Chaetomium spp. are further developed to be biodegradable nanoparticles from active metabolites as a new discovery of scientific investigation which used to induce plant immunity, namely microbial degradable nano-elicitors for inducing immunity through phytoalexin production in plants e.g. inducing tomato to produce alpha-tomaline against Fusarium wilt of tomato, capsidiol against chili anthracnose, sakuranitin and oryzalexin B against rice blast, scopletin and anthrocyaidin against Phytophthora or Pythium rot Durian and scoparone against Phytophthora or Pythium rot of citrus. Chaetomium biofungicide can be applied instead of toxic chemical fungicides to control plant diseases.
Highlights
Chaetomium Kunze belongs to Ascomycota of the Chaetomiaceae which established by Kunze in [1] and it is one of the largest genera of saprophytic ascomycetes which comprise more than 300 species worldwide [2–6]
White root disease caused by Rigidoporus microporus (Figures 3 and 4) that was controlled by Ch. bostrychodes BN08, Ch. cupreum RY202 which inhibited the growth of pathogen over 50%
The scientific investigations have proved that Chaetomium biofungicide can be directly applied into rhizosphere soil
Summary
Chaetomium Kunze belongs to Ascomycota of the Chaetomiaceae which established by Kunze in [1] and it is one of the largest genera of saprophytic ascomycetes which comprise more than 300 species worldwide [2–6]. Chaetomium cupreum and Ch. globosum are noted to decrease leaf spot of corn (Curvularia lunata), rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae), sheath blight (Rhizoctonia oryzae) and tomato wilt The specific effective strains of Chaetomium spp. have been formulated as biological products in the forms of pellet and powder [29] that could effectively control many soil borne plant pathogens. Chaetomium globosum and Ch. cupreum are successfully applied to control root rot disease of citrus, black pepper, strawberry and reduce damping off disease of sugar beet [20, 31]. The biofungicide produced from Ch. globosum and Ch. cuprem resulted in controlling Phytophthora root rot of durian (Phytophthora palmivora) in the fields which the Phytophthora pathogen reduced after applying Chaetomium into soils planted Durian var. It is reported that the specific strains of Ch. globosum can be inhibited root knot nematode and insect control
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